Glucose Molecular Formula and Facts

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 or H-(CO)-(CHOH)5-H. Its empirical or simplest formula is CH2O, which indicates there are two hydrogen atoms for each carbon and oxygen atom in the molecule. Glucose is the sugar that is produced by plants during photosynthesis and that circulates in the blood of people and other animals as an energy source. Glucose is also known as dextrose, blood sugar, corn sugar, grape sugar,  or by its IUPAC systematic name  (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal. Key Takeaways: Glucose Formula and Facts Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide in the world and the key energy molecule for Earths organisms. It is the sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis.Like other sugars, glucose forms ismomers, which are chemically identical, but have different conformations. Only D-glucose occurs naturally. L-glucose may be produced synthetically.The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. Its simplest or empirical formula is CH2O. Key Glucose Facts The name glucose comes from the French and Greek words for sweet, in reference to must, which is the sweet first press of grapes when they are used to make wine. The -ose ending in glucose indicates the molecule is a carbohydrate.Because glucose has 6 carbon atoms, it is classified as a hexose. Specifically, it is an example of an aldohexose. It is a type of monosaccharide or simple sugar. It may be found in either linear form or cyclic form (most common). In linear form, it has a 6-carbon backbone, with no branches. The C-1 carbon is the one bearing the aldehyde group, while the other five carbon each bear a hydroxyl group.The hydrogen and -OH groups are able to rotate around the carbon atoms in glucose, leading to isomerization. The D-isomer, D-glucose, is found in nature and is used for cellular respiration in plants and animals. The L-isomer, L-glucose, is not common in nature, although it may be prepared in a lab.Pure glucose is a white or crystalline powder with a molar mass of 180.16 grams per mole and density of 1.54 grams per cubic centimeter. The melting point of the solid depends on whether it is in the alpha or beta conformation.  The melting point of  ÃŽ ±-D-glucose is  146  Ã‚ °C (295  Ã‚ °F; 419  K). The melting point of  ÃŽ ²-D-glucose is  150  Ã‚ °C (302  °F; 423 K).Why do organisms use glucose for respiration and fermentation rather than another carbohydrate? The reason is probably that glucose is less likely to react with the amine groups of proteins. The reaction between carbohydrates and proteins, called glycation, is a natural part of aging and consequence of some diseases (e.g., diabetes) that impairs the functioning of proteins. In contrast, glucose may be enzymatically added to proteins and lipids via the process of glycosylation, which forms active glycolipids and glycoproteins.In the human body, glucose supplies about 3.75 kilocalories of energy per gram. It is metabolized into carbon dioxide and water, producing e nergy in chemical form as ATP. While its needed for many functions, glucose is particularly important because it supplies nearly all the energy for the human brain.Glucose has the most stable cyclic form of all the aldohexoses because nearly all of its hydroxy group (-OH) are in the equatorial position. The exception is the hydroxy group on the anomeric carbon.Glucose is soluble in water, where it forms a colorless solution. It also dissolves in acetic acid, but only slightly in alcohol.The glucose molecule was first isolated in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf, who obtained it from raisins. Emil Fischer investigated the structure and properties of the molecule, earning the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. In the Fischer projection, glucose is drawn in a specific configuration. The hydroxyls on C-2, C-4, and C-5 is on the right side of the backbone, while the C-3 hydroxyl is on the left side of the carbon backbone. Sources Robyt, John F. (2012). Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry. Springer Science Business Media. ISBN:978-1-461-21622-3.Rosanoff, M. A. (1906). On Fischers Classification of Stereo-Isomers. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 28: 114–121. doi:10.1021/ja01967a014Schenck, Fred W. (2006). Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2

Definition Of Dimensions Of Culture - 998 Words

Dimensions of culture is an idea that expands over many professional and academic categories. Personally, this topic urges my curiosities cause of the career path I have chosen. I am on the path to becoming an Air Force Officer. This career possesses many different challenges and dealing with various dimensions of culture is a prominent aspect. Communication with various allied countries, respecting religious traditions, maintaining ethical values, recognizing religious and social customs are just a few examples of when an officer would need to be well versed in the dimensions of culture. Researching this topic will help me become an enhanced service member and a more appreciative member of this world. Dimensions of culture can include Communication, Customs, Education, Ethics, Manners, Organizations, Religion, Social Structure, Values and Attitudes of a country. (Satterlee, 2014). Each category can be intensively analyzed to understand how a nation works intrinsically. Within most of these categories are subcategories that further delve into a nations behaviors. Dimensions o f culture has been studied extensively and many analysis models have sprouted from the research. Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture is an application of the dimensions of culture with a business management perspective. (Satterlee, 2014). Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and long/short termShow MoreRelatedHofstedes Dimensions Of The Organizational Culture702 Words   |  3 PagesOrganisational culture Organizational culture has been identified as a mediating variable in this study. There are many terms used by different researchers to denote organizational culture. Similarly, there are many definitions of organizational culture. 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Hofstede study enabled him to compare dimensions of culture across 40 countries.Read MoreExamine the Roles of Hierarchy and Power Within East and Western Enterprises1157 Words   |  5 PagesContents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Culture............................................................................................................................................. 2 Eastern culture versus Western culture ........................................................................................... 3 Power Distance Index (PDI): Geert Hofstede ..................Read MoreDefining Diversity: the Evolution of Diversity1435 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity within each individual (cited from http://gladstone

Core Competencies Free Essays

1. Define the following: Cash Cow- a business or product which generates a sturdy, dependable flow of cash. Dog- a product with low market share in a slow growing market and thus neither generates more consumes large amounts of cash. We will write a custom essay sample on Core Competencies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Star- products that are in high growth markets with a relatively high share of that market. They tend to generate high amounts of income. Question Mark- growing rapidly and thus consumes large amounts of cash but because they have low markets shares they do not generate much cash 2. What are core competences? Core competences are critical capabilities to a business achieving competitive advantage. The starting point for analysing core competences is recognising that competition between businesses is as much a race for competence mastery as it is for market position and market power. Senior management cannot focus on all activities of a business and the competencies required to undertake them. So the goal is for management to focus attention on competencies that really affect competitive advantage. 4 Potential sources of core competences * Distribution * Marketing * Management * Manufacturing 4 criteria used to evaluate core competences * Valuable * Rare * Costly to imitate * Non substitutable 3. What should an audit of resources include? The resources available to a business whether it be owned or obtained through partnerships, joint ventures or simply suppliers arrangement with other businesses. The assessment of the strength and weakness of an organisation in conjunction with an assessment of opportunities and threats. It should have the key success factors for the markets and industries in question and the comparable strengths and weaknesses of competitors for the same customers. 4. What are the strategic options for competing in a Mature Industry? * Prune marginal products and models * Emphasize innovation in the value chain Strong focus on cost reduction * Increase sales to present customers * Purchase rivals at bargain prices * Expand internationally * Build new, more flexible competitive capabilities 5. Define the Value System The Value System is the set of interdependent situations within a business which both directly or indirectly adds value to the customer and ult imately generates a net cash inflow. This also provides a key link between competitive strategy and shareholder value. Even though the value system bears some resemblance to Porter’s value chain, the latter is perhaps less flexible and less easily tailored to the variety of the modern business. How to cite Core Competencies, Essay examples

Capital Punishment7 Essay Example For Students

Capital Punishment7 Essay Capital punishment is one of the most popularly debated topics in the nation today. Since colonial times, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed and a large percentage of these executions occurred during the early 1900s. In the 1930s, approximately 150 people were being legally executed each year. However, the number of executions started to decrease, as public outrage became apparent. Currently, over 3,500 people are on death row. The death penalty violates the Eight Amendment because the act is cruel and unusual, and because the punishment discriminates against the poor and the minorities, the punishment also violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Surprisingly, many victims on death row are mentally retarded or disabled. Unfortunately, the death penalty has many supporters, and their main claim to why the death penalty should be constitutional is that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime, but research has proved their claim to be false. The most disturbing factor of al l is that a significant number of the inmates are innocent. For many reasons, capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation. Capital punishment is not acceptable because it is unconstitutional. Capital punishment has been proven to violate the Eighth Amendment, which is the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. It is also a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees equal protection of the laws and due process. The death penalty, which was legal with no objections through the 1900s, became a controversial issue in 1972. In 1972, the Furman vs. Georgia trial caused the Supreme Court to cancel hundreds of scheduled executions and to declare the death penalty unconstitutional. However, in 1976 in Gregg vs. Georgia, the Court reinstated the death penalty. After this decision, several states reenacted the capital punishment laws. However, capital punishment indeed violates the Eighth Amendment, which became a part of the United States Constitution in 1789. Capital punishment is both a cruel and an unusual punishment. No punishment can be crueler than death, especially if it is applied to an innocent person. In Wendy Kaminers book, Its All the Rage, Kaminer describes the death penalty as, barbarously cruel . . . . shocking, unjust, and unacceptable (106). The Fourteenth Amendment is also violated in cases of the death penalty. Once again, the Fourteenth Amendment in the United States Constitution promises equal protection of the laws and due process to everyone, but Vilbig says, Death penalty critics say defendants, many of whom are poor, frequently get a poor legal defense, often by court-appointed lawyers (4). This fact indicates that the unfortunate are not being given equal protection under the law. However, the death penalty was found to be discriminatory based on the color of ones skin (Bedau 6). Therefore, the death penalty clearly violates the Fourteenth Amendment. The application of the death penalty sentence shows raci al discrimination, sex discrimination, and socio-economic class discrimination all over the nation. Over the years, the statistics of the executions have been studied. According to these statistics, from 1930 to 1990 the Government Accounting Office (GAO) reports an interesting conclusion about racial discrimination. The GAO confirmed that, . . . a consistent pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in charging, sentencing and the imposition of the death penalty after the Furman decision . . . . race of victim influence was found at all stages of the criminal justice system process . . . (Bedau 5). Along with this finding, they also asserted that . . . those who murdered whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks (Bedau 6). This information revealed that the convicts race, as well as the race of the victim, influenced the criminal justice process. In 1987, a study taken in New Jersey showed that of all the executions made that year, fift y percent of the cases involved a black defendant with a white victim, while only twenty-eight percent of the cases involved a white defendant with a black victim. In California, studies indicated that while six percent of those convicted of killing whites got the death penalty, only three percent of those convicted of killing blacks got the death penalty; Since 1976 only four executions involved a white defendant who killed a black victim (Bedau 6). In 1986, studies in Georgia demonstrated that those convicted of killing whites were four times more likely to be sentenced to death than convicted killers of non-whites were. African Americans are only about twelve percent of the United States population. Of the 3,859 persons executed for a crime since 1930, fifty percent have been black. Also, the application of the death penalty was disproportionate to other minority populations (Bedau 6). It could be argued that minorities do not commit more crime than whites, but rather they are mo re often punished with the death penalty. In all, only thirty-one of the eighteen thousand executions in this countrys history involved a white person being punished for killing a black person. Sex discrimination is another factor that enters into determining the death sentence. During the ten years from the 1980s to the 1990s, only about one percent of those on the death row were women while a disproportionate number, fifteen- percent, of the criminal homicides were committed by women. Furthermore, research indicates that only thirty-three (twelve of them black) women were executed in the United States since 1930 compared to 3,826 men. Finally, socio-economic class discrimination influences judgments made about the death sentence. Statistics showed that ninety percent of those on the death row are too poor to hire a lawyer. A man named Clinton Duffy, former warden at Californias San Quentin Prison once said, . . . the term capital punishment is ironic because only those without cap ital get the punishment (Bedau 6). This statement seems to be true today. Without capital, one cannot be tried equally, since he or she cannot afford private investigators, psychiatrists, and expert criminal lawyers to help with the trial. Therefore, the poor suffer the harshest punishment. Racial, sex, and socio-economic discrimination plays an important role in deciding the punishment placed on the crime, which is clearly not equal protection from the law. The confusion swirls round and round her eyes, All these thoughts making her mind curl EssayBibliography:Bedau, Peter. Death is Different. Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press, 1987. Kaminer, Wendy. Its All the Rage: Crime and Culture. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995. Vilbig, Peter. Innocent on Death Row. New York Times Upfront 18 Sept 2000: 1-11.